Symbols and Symbolism Essay - Use of Symbols in Nathaniel Hawthornes T

Use of Symbols in The red letter       In World Book Dictionary, a figureic representation is defined as something that stands for or represents something else, especially an idea, quality, or condition. Symbols can be objects, characters, figures, or colors used to represent ideas or concepts. In the unused The Scarlet Letter, by Nathaniel Hawthorne, there are many symbols that are throughout the novel. While symbols can be created, such created symbols are subjective and must be give meaning within their context and because the context is different among individuals and societies and can vary over time. Some symbols that are used in the novel The Scarlet Letter is the scarlet letter, the meteor, Pearl, the rosebush next to the prison door, and the scaffold.   The scarlet letter is a symbol that is a symbol of shame, Instead it becomes a precedent of identity to Hester. As time passes the letters meaning on Hesters chest shifts also. ..that many p eople refused to interpret the scarlet A by its original signification. They said that it meant Able so strong was Hester Prynne, with a womans strength (145). From the beginnings the scarlet letter intended to mark Hester as an adulterer and eventually it comes to stand for able. It marks her as a person of importance. As Dimmesdale stands on the scaffold with Hester and Pearl in Chapter XII, a red A appears in the night sky. ..looking upward to the zenith, beheld there the appearance of an immense letter -the letter A-marked out in lines of dull red light (140). To Dimmesdale, the meteor implies that he should wear the mark of shame just as Hester Prynne. The meteor is interpreted differently from the rest of the community. The c... ... of the meeting house. The minister went up the steps (132). The scaffold is a place of public apology for Revered Dimmesdale. Whoever mounts the scaffold draws attention of the public.   In the novel The Scarlet Letter, by Nathan iel Hawthorne, there were several symbols used in the novel. The scarlet letter was meant to be a symbol of shame but it became a power of identity for Hester. The meteor, for Dimmesdale meant he should be wearing the scarlet letter just like Hester. To the town, the meteor meant angel which meant that the Governor entered the gates of heaven. Pearl was a symbol that was a living version of her mothers sin. The rosebush by the prison door represents the ability of nature to endure and outlasts a mans activities. The scaffold is a place of public confession and alludes back to the sin of adultery.    

Faulkner’s Relationship with his Daughter in the Film, William Faulkner

Faulkners Relationship with his Daughter in the Film, William Faulkner A Life on PaperWilliam Faulkner A Life on Paper presents Faulkner as a struggling writer, start out, and human being. He was moody, a periodic alcoholic, often in debt, impact in manner, and seemingly unable to make and retain significant relationships. Yet despite his apparent failings as a man (or perhaps because of them), Faulkner is perhaps the roughly successful and influential American literary artist of the 20th-century. Faulkner paved the way for many women writers to take up their pens and continue his literary quest into humankinds psyche and the truth of our existence. His fathering of the many writers we will be reading this semester was a significant one however, I am unsure if Jill Faulkner Sommers is able to forgive her father for his apparent neglect of fathering his true daughter.It is a commonly supposed that geniuses are able to produce their masterpieces because they are geniuses - because t hey do not act according to the universal social expectations of average human beings. They ...

Social Status and Feminism in The Great Gatsby Essay -- Feminism Femin

F. Scott Fitzgeralds legend, The Great Gatsby may appear to be a simple tragic love affair however, inside the text, Fitzgerald identifies and defines social gaps and importance of riches. He also presents women within a very separate space as the men. The Great Gatsby allows the reader to enter into the mankind of wealth and experience the joys and tragedies of being within this certain class as well as allowing the reader to interpret the position of gender inside the class. Whenever you bump interchangeable criticizing anyone, he my father told me, just remember that all the tribe in this world havent had the advantages that youve had (Gatsby 1). This quote was possibly the backbone of the narrators actions and character. Through out the fabrication, the characters that he came into hit with were right away associated with their money and their association with their given level of wealth. The irony of this opening line is that the poor, or less wealthy, were never real ly even seen by the narrator. The barely people that the narrator saw, according to the reader, are the more wealthy and upper class that were associated with Gatsbys parties. What is even more ironic than the overall absence of the lower classes within the novel is where this neglected level of wealth actually did become part of the novel. Ironically, the only character that lower wealth was associated with was Gatsby. In his past, he was of lower class, solely in the actual time when the novel was written, Gatsby was not only representative of wealth, but he seemed to have had the most wealth of all the characters. He was the most honored when compared to all of the other characters, yet was the only to have the absence of money in his past. The quote in the p... ...lar practices and thoughts, or he completely redefined them. By doing so, the novel takes on a new identity separate from its tragic romantic cover. Social status and feminism tower over the lost and piece make do that encompasses this novel. Works Cited and Consulted Bewley, Marius. Scott Fitzgeralds Criticism of America. In Modern Critical Interpretations The Great Gatsby. edited by Harold Bloom. New York Chelsea House Publishers. 1986. 11-27. Fetterley, Judith. The Resisting Reader A womens liberationist commence to American Fiction. Bloomington Indiana UP, 1978. Fryer, Sarah Beebe. Fitzgeralds New Women Harbingers of Change. Ann Arbor, MI UMI Research P, 1988. McAdams, Tony. Ethics in Gatsby An Examination of American Values. In Readings on The Great Gatsby. edited by Katie de Koster. San Diego, atomic number 20 Greenhaven Press. 1998. 111-120. Social Status and Feminism in The Great Gatsby Essay -- Feminism FeminF. Scott Fitzgeralds novel, The Great Gatsby may appear to be a simple tragic romance however, within the text, Fitzgerald identifies and defines social gaps and importance of wealth. He also presents women within a very separate space as the men. The Great G atsby allows the reader to enter into the world of wealth and experience the joys and tragedies of being within this certain class as well as allowing the reader to interpret the position of gender inside the class. Whenever you feel like criticizing anyone, he my father told me, just remember that all the people in this world havent had the advantages that youve had (Gatsby 1). This quote was possibly the backbone of the narrators actions and character. Through out the novel, the characters that he came into contact with were immediately associated with their money and their association with their given level of wealth. The irony of this opening line is that the poor, or less wealthy, were never really even seen by the narrator. The only people that the narrator saw, according to the reader, are the more wealthy and upper class that were associated with Gatsbys parties. What is even more ironic than the overall absence of the lower classes within the novel is where this neglected l evel of wealth actually did become part of the novel. Ironically, the only character that lower wealth was associated with was Gatsby. In his past, he was of lower class, but in the actual time when the novel was written, Gatsby was not only representative of wealth, but he seemed to have had the most wealth of all the characters. He was the most prestigious when compared to all of the other characters, yet was the only to have the absence of money in his past. The quote in the p... ...lar practices and thoughts, or he completely redefined them. By doing so, the novel takes on a new identity separate from its tragic romantic cover. Social status and feminism tower over the lost and found love that encompasses this novel. Works Cited and Consulted Bewley, Marius. Scott Fitzgeralds Criticism of America. In Modern Critical Interpretations The Great Gatsby. edited by Harold Bloom. New York Chelsea House Publishers. 1986. 11-27. Fetterley, Judith. The Resisting Reader A Feminist Appro ach to American Fiction. Bloomington Indiana UP, 1978. Fryer, Sarah Beebe. Fitzgeralds New Women Harbingers of Change. Ann Arbor, MI UMI Research P, 1988. McAdams, Tony. Ethics in Gatsby An Examination of American Values. In Readings on The Great Gatsby. edited by Katie de Koster. San Diego, California Greenhaven Press. 1998. 111-120.

Heart of Darkness Essay -- essays papers

Heart of sin Darkness permeates every circumstance, scene, and character in Joseph Conrads novella, Heart of Darkness. Darkness symbolizes the moral confusion that Charlie Marlow encounters, as well as the moral reconciliation he has within himself while searching for Kurtz. Marlows morals are challenged numerous times finishedout the book on the Congo river and when he returns to Brussels. Charlie Marlow characterizes the behavior of the colonialists with, The flabby, pretending, weak-eyed devil of a rapacious and pitiless folly, (25). Marlow distinguishes the devil from violence, greed, and desire. He suggests that the basic evil of imperialism is not that it perpetrates violence against native peoples, or that it is motivated by greed. But that the flabby, weak-eyed devil, the imperialists, seem to be distinguished by being foolish and unaware. Marlow is appalled by the apathetic attitude towards the sight of death, of the colonials alongside the Nellie. At the orcha rd of the first station, Marlow is troubled by the sight of a opus curled up, dying. I saw a face near my makeblack swot upwhite flicker in the depth of the orbs, which died out quickly, (27). Marlows horror at the grove suggests that the true evils of this colonial company are dehumanizing and deathly. Marlow offers a dying man a few pieces of a biscuit, and despite the fact that he is not particularly compassionate, the situation troubles him greatly. During section two of Heart of Darkness, Marlows victor skills, morals, and work morality are contrasted with those of the other company employees. To Marlow, work represents the fulfillment of a contract between himself and the company he is working for. Repairing the st... .... His imposition was sparked by having compassion for others. Although dishonesty was something Marlow found distasteful at the start of his journey, he felt no remorse in lying to the Intended in Brussels. It is pellucid that Marlow can not fu lly accept the truth himself, and lets the Intended believe that her husband died with a noble purpose, helping the Africans, and uttering her name as his a be words. Fay Weldon believes that, the writers who get a lasting response from the readers are the writers who offer a happy ending through moral development. In, Heart of Darkness, this statement holds true. Charlie Marlow goes through a point of moral reconciliation throughout the novella. Instances throughout Heart of Darkness show different sides of Charlie Marlows morals. It is evident that when Marlow has returned to Brussels, that his morals have changed. Heart of Darkness Essay -- essays papersHeart of Darkness Darkness permeates every circumstance, scene, and character in Joseph Conrads novella, Heart of Darkness. Darkness symbolizes the moral confusion that Charlie Marlow encounters, as well as the moral reconciliation he has within himself while searching for Kurtz. Marlows morals are challenged n umerous times throughout the book on the Congo river and when he returns to Brussels. Charlie Marlow characterizes the behavior of the colonialists with, The flabby, pretending, weak-eyed devil of a rapacious and pitiless folly, (25). Marlow distinguishes the devil from violence, greed, and desire. He suggests that the basic evil of imperialism is not that it perpetrates violence against native peoples, or that it is motivated by greed. But that the flabby, weak-eyed devil, the imperialists, seem to be distinguished by being foolish and unaware. Marlow is appalled by the apathetic attitude towards the sight of death, of the colonials aboard the Nellie. At the grove of the first station, Marlow is troubled by the sight of a man curled up, dying. I saw a face near my handblack boneswhite flicker in the depth of the orbs, which died out quickly, (27). Marlows horror at the grove suggests that the true evils of this colonial company are dehumanizing and deathly. Marlow offers a dying man a few pieces of a biscuit, and despite the fact that he is not particularly compassionate, the situation troubles him greatly. During section two of Heart of Darkness, Marlows professional skills, morals, and work ethics are contrasted with those of the other company employees. To Marlow, work represents the fulfillment of a contract between himself and the company he is working for. Repairing the st... .... His dishonesty was sparked by having compassion for others. Although dishonesty was something Marlow found distasteful at the start of his journey, he felt no remorse in lying to the Intended in Brussels. It is obvious that Marlow can not fully accept the truth himself, and lets the Intended believe that her husband died with a noble purpose, helping the Africans, and uttering her name as his a last words. Fay Weldon believes that, the writers who get a lasting response from the readers are the writers who offer a happy ending through moral development. In, H eart of Darkness, this statement holds true. Charlie Marlow goes through a period of moral reconciliation throughout the novella. Instances throughout Heart of Darkness show different sides of Charlie Marlows morals. It is evident that when Marlow has returned to Brussels, that his morals have changed.

Karen Horneys The Distrust Between the Sexes Essay -- Karen Horney Di

Karen Horneys The Distrust Between the SexesIn Karen Horneys The Distrust Between the Sexes, she attempts to explain the problems in the relationships between men and women. She writes that to understand the problem you must number 1 understand that problems still hunt from a common background. A large amount of suspiciousness is due to mints intensity of emotions. Early in Horneys essay, she defines passion and discusses why it is rare. tribe do non feel safe putting all of their faith and trust in only one other person. Horney explains that self-preservation is part of human instinct, and people have a fear of losing themselves in their loved one.Next, Horney explains how people often overlook their own impulses. The pressure from their conscience causes them to project these impulses onto their partners. Projection results in suspicion of their partners emotions toward them.As Horney moves on, she accounts for an or so unavoidable source of disappointment in our love life. It derives from intense feelings of love stirring up secret hopes for contentment. Intim... Karen Horneys The Distrust Between the Sexes taste -- Karen Horney DiKaren Horneys The Distrust Between the SexesIn Karen Horneys The Distrust Between the Sexes, she attempts to explain the problems in the relationships between men and women. She writes that to understand the problem you must first understand that problems stem from a common background. A large amount of suspiciousness is due to peoples intensity of emotions. Early in Horneys essay, she defines passion and discusses why it is rare. People do not feel safe putting all of their faith and trust in only one other person. Horney explains that self-preservation is part of human instinct, and people have a fear of losing themselves in their loved one.Next, Horney explains how people often overlook their own impulses. The pressure from their conscience causes them to project these impulses onto their partners. Projec tion results in distrust of their partners emotions toward them.As Horney moves on, she accounts for an almost unavoidable source of disappointment in our love life. It derives from intense feelings of love stirring up secret hopes for contentment. Intim...

Karen Horneys The Distrust Between the Sexes Essay -- Karen Horney Di

Karen Horneys The misgiving Between the SexesIn Karen Horneys The Distrust Between the Sexes, she attempts to explain the line of works in the relationships between men and women. She writes that to understand the problem you must first base understand that problems stem from a common background. A large amount of suspiciousness is due to citizenrys intensity of emotions. Early in Horneys essay, she defines temper and discusses why it is rare. plenty do not feel safe putting all of their faith and trust in only one other person. Horney explains that self-preservation is lineament of human instinct, and people have a fear of losing themselves in their loved one.Next, Horney explains how people often overlook their own impulses. The pressure from their conscience causes them to project these impulses onto their partners. swelling results in misgiving of their partners emotions toward them.As Horney moves on, she accounts for an almost unavoidable source of disappointment in ou r love life. It derives from intense feelings of love stirring up secret hopes for contentment. Intim... Karen Horneys The Distrust Between the Sexes Essay -- Karen Horney DiKaren Horneys The Distrust Between the SexesIn Karen Horneys The Distrust Between the Sexes, she attempts to explain the problems in the relationships between men and women. She writes that to understand the problem you must first understand that problems stem from a common background. A large amount of suspiciousness is due to peoples intensity of emotions. Early in Horneys essay, she defines passion and discusses why it is rare. People do not feel safe putting all of their faith and trust in only one other person. Horney explains that self-preservation is part of human instinct, and people have a fear of losing themselves in their loved one.Next, Horney explains how people often overlook their own impulses. The pressure from their conscience causes them to project these impulses onto their part ners. Projection results in distrust of their partners emotions toward them.As Horney moves on, she accounts for an almost unavoidable source of disappointment in our love life. It derives from intense feelings of love stirring up secret hopes for contentment. Intim...

Starbucks in 2009

STARBUCKS IN 2009 1 TABLE OF CONTENT Starbucks issues and causes . . 2 Starbucks current strategies and evaluation.. . .. 4 Analysis and recommendations. 10 SOAR synopsis.. .. 10 Competitive analysis. 11 Value chain analysis14 Recommendations. .. 17 Appendix. 18 References.. . . 19 STARBUCKS IN 2009 2STARBUCKS IN 2009 Starbucks issues and causes Starbucks shargon price went down from the peak of $40(October 2006) to a greater extent than 75% over the next two years. The sale and operating profits decreased 73. 1 million dollars compargond to the last year in 2008 (Table 1 in the Appendix). The growth rate of Starbucks store gross revenue decreased 8% in 2008 (Starbucks Corporation, 2008). 60. 00% 50. 00% 40. 00% 30. 00% 20. 00% 10. 00% 0. 00% 2005 2006 2007 2008 ROA ROE The map above shows the ROA (return on assets) and ROE (return on equity) ratio of Starbucks has generally g unitary down between 2005 and 2008.STARBUCKS IN 2009 3 Following are five of import factors that caused S tarbucks downturn in 2008 1. sparing environmentGreat Recession The global economic decline began in 2007 and took a sharp downward turn in September 2008. Due to this recession, each U. S. household lost an average of approximately $5,800 in income, and gross domestic product declined 6. 2 percent annualized (PEW, 2008). 2. Competitors Some self-governing coffee shops, such as Caribou Coffee (U. S. ), start imitated the operating model of Starbucks and have expanded and become national chains.In addition, betting food chains, including McDonalds, Burger King, and Dunkin Donuts, started to show coffee and get favorable comments. 3. Consumer performance Customers, especially coffee-lovers, became connoisseurs through the education process of coffee, which is a part of Starbucks realize. Those educated customers would look for superior alternatives to come across the appetite. Anformer(a) factor that affects sales is local anesthetic preference. Customers could prefer differe nt flavors and different types of coffee in different regions and areas.Ignoring the custom is the main aspect that leads to the failure of Starbucks in Australia. STARBUCKS IN 2009 4 4. Excessive store working pops One of Starbucks operating strategies is to increase its market share by continuing to open innovative stores in the live market, and expanding stores in the novel market to support its long-term strategy. During the recession, Starbucks did not slow down the expansion which resulted in 300 store closures and 6700 job losses in 2009. In 2008, cost of sales change magnitude from $3999 million to $4645 million from the previous year. The store operating expenses have increased $528. 0 million between 2006 and 2007 and the long-term debt has in addition increased from $2. 7 million in 2006 to $550. 9 million in 2007 (Table 1 in the Appendix). 5. Starbucks Experience fault dilution Although Starbucks has already created a identify mission and value for the last twe nty years, consumers sensing towards the Starbucks Experience has changed rapidly. Consumers are congruous too familiar with the brand and consider Starbucks product overpriced compared to other coffee stores in the market. Many questions arise to if consumers really value and recognized the Starbucks Experience.Starbucks current strategies and evaluation 1. Rediscover and Revitalize Starbucks Experience The Starbucks Experience includes the senior spunky quality coffee beans, employee involvement, community relations, social purpose, the layout and design of the stores, STARBUCKS IN 2009 5 and Starbucks location strategy. Howard Schultzs strategy is to redefine the core brand value. Although the society has a well-established image in the market in the past twenty years, the same distinctiveness and concept might not have the same appeal to the consumers in the second decade of the twenty first century. . Revise mission statement and objectives According to the Starbucks Corpo ration report for Fiscal Year 2008, Starbucks aims to establish itself as one of the most recognized and respected brands in the world through continuing expansion of its sell operations, growing its specialty operations, and pursuing other opportunities by introducing new products and developing new channels of distri plainlyion. This strategy shows that Starbucks place their attention on the scale and leading position of the bon ton, and underestimate the importance of branding and differentiation.Both the fast expansion and over diversification would hurt the brand concept and cover the outstanding features, which could be proved by the decreased gross margin showed in the pastime graph. STARBUCKS IN 2009 6 staring(a) Margin of Starbucks 0. 53 0. 52 0. 51 0. 5 0. 49 0. 48 0. 47 0. 46 0. 45 0. 44 2006 2007 2008 Gross Margin 3. Re-emphasize core value Although one of the Starbucks Experience location strategies is to cluster 20 or more stores in each urban hub, Howard Schultz h ave re-emphasized the core value of the company and reduced store expansions in 2008.Under operating expenses, it shows the total of $266. 9 million in restructuring charges as the company is reducing retail stores that are not profitable. The total brighten stores opened in United States were only 445 in 2008 year ended, compared to 1065 net stores opened in 2009 year ended. Starbucks alike c drop offd 64 stores in Australia due to the gamely competitive environment of European shade influences. Instead of opening more retails in the city, the company has increased the drive-thru stores in the suburban locations in the U.S. and Canada, with approximately 35 percent and 31 percent of growth between 2007 and 2008. The decision of restructuring stores in 2008 cause a large lost in the company. However, the changes were necessary for the company to re-focus and re-define its core value of Starbucks Experience which leads the company to a fresh start in the following year. STARBUCK S IN 2009 7 4. Reconnect with customers through community projects and social responsibility Perhaps we have the opportunity to be a different type of global company.One that makes a profit but at the same time demonstrates a social conscience, this was Schultzs vision for the company and showed his concern for re-establishing Starbucks social responsibility. In 2008 Starbucks held their annual meeting in New Orleans and used this as an opportunity to raise 10,000 volunteers to take part in various community projects to help rebuild this area. They have similarly created what they call Starbucks Shared Planet which focuses on ethical sourcing, environmental stewardship and community involvement.Starbucks knows how important it is to their customers that they are socially responsible and offer something different and outstanding in comparison to their competitors. 5. Review operating practices Starbucks operates in both company-operated and licensed retail stores, and proposes pack aged coffee, tea and other branded products through a licensing kinship with partners. Starbucks installed new coffee making equipment, which cost millions of dollars, to emphasis the hand-made feature. They also revised the food menu and removed the non-core products to avoid the conflict among concepts.Around 84 percent of total net revenues during fiscal 2008 came from the company-operated retail stores. By maintaining and developing company-operated retail stores, it could help keep the leading position and the experience provided by Starbucks STARBUCKS IN 2009 8 based on the superior customer service to reflect personality and build loyalty. On the other hand, the strategy of licensing rights to operate retail stores and produce branded products through confederation improves the awareness of Starbucks and reduces barriers to developing new markets through the local advantage of partners.Although it brought up the operating expenses both in U. S. and international markets, up grading the coffee machine is a irrefutable approach to keep lie inency with the Starbucks Experience and Starbucks image. Once the coffee is made individually from freshly ground beans, the customers would notice the hand-made feature, which results in a different perception from other competitors. Since foodservice sales accounted for 17 percent of all products and Starbucks gained about 5 percent of total revenues through providing food in the U. S. market, food is still a crucial element of the business.Therefore, it is necessary to ill think about reinventing the food menudistinguishing the conflicts and then removing the products that really affect atmosphererather than cancelling all the options. 6. carry on shareholder value Base on the annual report of Starbucks in 2007 and 2008, the company did not pay cash dividends to share holders, as well as in the near future (Starbucks, 2007&2008). The factors that influenced the stock price are comprised of companys operational a nd financial performance, current and future industrial condition, and external economic situation. STARBUCKS IN 2009 9In 2008, investors were concerned about the current situation of Starbucks as many companies were facing bankruptcy, the stock price went down quickly due to sell stocks to bump cash. In order to increase the confidence of shareholders, the CEO of Starbucks pronounced that company would keep forces on create long-term shareholder value. During the financial crisis, it was hard to let people believe in the future. Starbucks must make changes on their performance to satisfy the investors. However, the data shows that it was continuing deteriorated. The operating margin and net margin kept falling, which would disappoint shareholders. . 16 0. 14 0. 12 0. 1 0. 08 0. 06 0. 04 0. 02 0 2005 2006 2007 2008 Operating Margin Net Margin 7. Re-emphasize employee values to the company After Schultz returned as CEO, he was driven to reignite his commitment to his employees in which he referred to as partners. In the past the company has done many STARBUCKS IN 2009 10 things to control a workplace that people would be proud to work for. Schultz offers full health care benefits to all employees including part time by doing this the company has dramatically lowered their turnover rate compared to other companies in the patience.During the hard time of reduced revenues Schultz realized the importance of bringing the full Starbucks Experience to each and any customer, and to do that he needed to have dedicated employees. Losing a knowledgeable and trained barista meant losing their valuable customer relationships that they have created. Schultz took human resource very seriously and made sure to meet with all levels of the company to reconsider and realign their purpose and principles and re-establish their connection with their customers.From Schultzs perspective focusing on and improving the Starbucks Experience was just as important, if not more importa nt than number crunching. Analysis and recommendations It is important for Starbucks to utilize three main stream strategic tools to see the issues of the brass section and make action orientated plan. 1. SOAR analysis Strengths Strong business ethic Consistency within stores Many locations, equalling convenience Well known brand recognition STARBUCKS IN 2009 11 Clear positioning Loyalty to customers Strong company culture Quality of product International presenceOpportunities Continuous cooperation with local farmers Conducting more research before quickly penetrating area Recognize consumer behaviour regarding new trends in the coffee industry Focusing on capableness competitors (McDonalds/Tim Hortons) Sponsorship of local community events Aspirations Recreate Starbucks Experience Implement third place, Home Work Starbucks Results Measure by re-establishing SOAR every 3, 6, and 9 months Measured by aspirations becoming strengths and opportunities becoming res ults 2.Competitive analysis Based on the Porters Five Force model, the competitive environment that Starbucks faces could be considered in following five aspects STARBUCKS IN 2009 12 Bargaining power of supplierslow Starbucks purchases large amounts of coffee beans directly from farmers all over the world, and they have built a relative stable relationship with some high quality coffee providers. Under this circumstance, the suppliers are at a disadvantage in the bargaining. Bargaining power of buyerslow Individual customers who consist of the majority of the target market usually do not have bargaining power, compared with a large corporation.In addition, customers have gradually accepted the slightly high price of Starbucks because of the increase awareness that they are paying for not only the coffee and food, but also the service and experience. Threats of substitutesmedium The substitutes of coffee could be tea, juice, buggy drinks, milk, and other kinds of drinks. Since the similarity among these groups is relatively low, especially for coffee-lovers, and the distinct flavor and functions, coffee is a special category.However, considering the experience that Starbucks wants to provide to customers, some other retail stores, such as ice-cream stores, would also target on the same market, which is the substitute of the Starbucks Experience. STARBUCKS IN 2009 13 Threats of potential entrantshigh Starbucks has a large amount of potential entrants, including ? New ventures that have plan to enter the market and become big corporations or national chains ? ? Local independent coffee shops that provide high quality imported coffee. Large national chains, such as Tim Hortons and Burger King, that start to serve gourment coffee and become high-end.Since the entry barrier of the specialty coffee industry is relatively low, new entrants could share the market and develop their loyal customers without high technology and heavy investment. Rivalry among existing fi rmshigh Most coffee-shop chains that provide high-end coffee and relaxing experience would be considered as existing competitors of Starbucks. The competitive situation would vary enormously from country to country. The most typical and powerful competitors are Caribou Coffee, McDonalds, and Dunkin Donuts. ? Caribou Coffee is the nearest competitor in the U. S. arket, which has 495 coffee shops in 15 states and ? In 2001, McDonalds-run coffee counters were placed inside of McDonalds stores, religious offering espresso drinks as well as teas and pastries. Consumer Reports magazine rated McDonalds regular coffee as better tasting than Starbucks as well as other STARBUCKS IN 2009 14 national competitors 6 years later. In January 2008, McDonalds announced it would begin installing coffee bars, called McCafe throughout its US stores, and priced , these drinks between $1. 99 and $3. 29. By comparison, Starbucks comparable drink versions were priced between $2. 65 and $4. 5, a premium of approximately one-third (Seaford & Culp & Brooks, 2008). ? Starbucks considered Dunkin Donuts as an indirect competitor that competed within the lower-end convenience-oriented fast-food market however, Dunkin Donuts pursued an ravening growth strategy that shifted its positioning to coffee, and reached the top selling retailer of coffee-by-the-cup in America at 2. 7 million cups a day by 2006 (Seaford & Culp & Brooks, 2008). Besides, Starbucks also needs to grab market share from Nescafe and Lavazza who introduced sophisticated easy-to-use coffee system that help customers make good coffee at home. . Value chain analysis Firm Infrastructure The Starbucks Experience, including the store design and layout, involves a unique experience that the consumers will not receive it anywhere else. Starbucks also incorporates local stories and culture when designing the store this creates a community involvement and more personal experience for the customers. Customers who buy Starbucks product are not only purchasing a simple beverage, they STARBUCKS IN 2009 15 are purchasing an experience and bring back the value for the company.Human Resource Starbucks believes in a workplace where people are treated equally and respectfully also to inspire them and to share in its success. The company offers extensive training for their employees, to involve them in the company culture. Starbucks creates value and company morals for their employees by providing them with great health benefits and empowering them in the decision making process. Employees then create value for the company in return by selling Starbucks product. Technology Development Starbucks is always trying to be innovated in the market by introducing new technologies and creative products.The POS system provides efficiency when placing customer orders and it also detects sales on specific products for managers to monitor certain sales patterns. Starbucks Verismo machine also plays an important part of the companys t echnology development by providing fast production of high quality beverage to their customers. Procurement Starbucks has a huge buying power internationally and has a great long-term relationship STARBUCKS IN 2009 16 with the local coffee beans suppliers. This helps the company control costs, in turn being able to create greater value and profit for the organization.Operations From selecting and searching high quality coffee beans all over the globe to the cup of coffee prepared by certified Baristas Starbucks operation process creates a standardized guidepost all across the organization by the efficient service from all level of employees and management. Outbound logistics Starbucks distribution system is expansive, including the storefront retail stores, licensed products and brand, as well as airport terminals. The company also offers mobile apps, and loyalty cards for regular customers to provide efficiency and show appreciation of their business to the company.Marketing and sales In order to provide greater consumer value, Starbucks has created many loyalty programs for return customers as well as frequent promotions and new flavored beverages to keep its product interesting. The company also focuses on holiday season products such as holiday flavor beverages and merchandises to add value for the existing products. STARBUCKS IN 2009 17 Recommendation Considering the increasing average price of coffee beans resulted from the resource shortages, Starbucks would face a higher costs of material and more powerful suppliers.Planning vertical integration to unite or own the valuable farms and plants could effectively guarantee the supply and control costs. Maintaining a clear brand image and position and holding the principles and concepts that have long been apply are effective approaches to survive Starbucks within the fierce competition. The unfavorable opinions of customers towards VIA instant coffee make it clear that aggressive expanding and changing f or competition would confuse consumers and lose market.Since in-store atmosphere, free Wi-Fi, and considerate customer service are no longer the unique features of Starbucks, it is necessary to create new ideas to develop Starbucks Experience that makes Starbucks different. Figuring out more ways that are consistent with the core value of the brand to integrate and re-launch the concept of Starbucks Experience to motivate customers by turning familiar things new. STARBUCKS IN 2009 18 Appendix Table 1. The table of figures showed in the graphs 2008 ROA ROE Gross Margin Operating margin Net Margin 12. 67% 8. 88% 0. 470 0. 057 0. 036 2007 29. 45% 19. 72% 0. 00 0. 132 0. 084 2006 25. 32% 20. 19% 0. 517 0. 136 0. 086 0. 145 0. 092 2005 23. 65% 22. 21% STARBUCKS IN 2009 19 REFERENCES Grant, R. M. (2010). Contemporary Strategy Analysis (seven editions). Chichester John Wiley & Sons. PEW. (2009). The Impact of the September 2008 Economic Collapse. Retrieved January 31, 2013, from http//www. pewtrusts. org/our_work_report_detail. aspx? id=58695 Seaford, B. C. & Culp, R. C. & Brooks, B. W. (2008). Starbucks Maintaining A Clear Position. Journal of the International Academy for Case Studies, 18(3), 39-57. Starbucks Corporation. (2008). Fiscal 2008 Annual Report.

Nike Inc: Cost of Capital Essay

The Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC) is the over alone required rate of return on a firm as a whole. It is important to calculate a firms cost of capital in order to determine the feasibleness of a particular investment for a firm.I do non agree with Joanna Cohens WACC calculation. She calculated value of equity, value of debt, cost of equity, and cost of debt all incorrectly. For value of equity, Joanna simply used the number stated on the balance sheet instead of multiplying the current stock price by the number of cracking divisions. The correct calculation is $42.09 x 271.5M = $11,427.435M. The correct method of calculating the value of debt is to multiply the price of publicly traded bonds by the amount of debt outstanding. This calculation results in 95.60% x $1296.6M = $1,239.550M. The come of debt and equity is equal to $12,666.985M.Therefore, the weight of equity is 0.902 and the weight of debt is 0.098. In order to determine the cost of debt, the yield to maturit y of the debt must be calculated. victimisation a financial calculator (N=30, PV=-$95.60, PMT=$3.375, FV=$100), the YTM is equal to 7.24%. This is the cost of debt. The cost of equity can be determined using the Capital Asset Pricing example (CAPM). Joanna was correct in using the 20-year yield on U.S. treasuries as her risk-free rate and was also correct in using 5.90% as her risk premium. However, she should affirm only used the most recent years beta instead of using an average of multiple years. The correct calculation is 5.74% + 0.83(5.90%) = 10.64%. This is cost of equity. using a 38% tax rate, we can now calculate the WACC. WACC = 90.2%(10.64%) + 9.80%(7.24%)(1-38%) = 10.03%Using the Dividend Discount Model, the cost of equity can be calculated as the sum of the dividend yield and the dividend growth rate. In this case, it is ($0.48/$42.09) + 5.50% = 6.64%. Using the earnings capitalization ratio, the cost of equity can be arrived at by dividing the projected earnings per share by the current market price of the stock. Therefore, $2.32/$42.09 = 5.51% is the cost of equity using this model.The advantage of using CAPM is that it is relatively easy to calculate, but a disadvantage is that it assumes ameliorate asset valuation, which does not always happen in reality. An advantage of the dividend discount model is that it allows investors to value stocks based on the dividends they pay and it is also easy to calculate. However, not all companies pay dividends so another method would have to be used for those firms.Kimi Ford concluded that at discount rates below 11.17%, Nikes stock would be undervalued. At Nikes cost of capital rate of 10.03%, Kimi Ford should invest in the company.

Factors Affecting Employee Productivity

When we say employee efficiency this means the employee characteristics and also relates to the speed and accuracy of an employee against the role, job and duties. Employee productivity underpins employee efficiency wherein the more efficient employees are the more procreative they leave behind be especially when managed correctly. Employee productivity creates an environment that encourages effective performance and hence essential in management of human capital function.In maximising employee productivity, thither is the need to focus on areas of personal motivation and the infrastructure of the stimulate environment, both of which form factor that affect the employee productivity. While the most obvious motivation factor for employee factor is often thought to be based on salary and promotions, this may not always be the case. The question is what makes employee work harder? 2. 0 Statement of the problem While workers are on the job, they do not produce more simply because they are being paid to do such.This is express to be human nature that is triggered by unlike factors. This necessitate aims to understand these different factors touch on employee productivity. In particular, the study will determine the factors that are affecting the productivity of Ghanaian workers working in fast food chains. With this, the following questions will be given answer to 1) What are the factors that influence Ghanaian workers to work even harder while in the workplace? ) Specifically, what are the factors that affect their works positively and negatively? 3) How do they perceive their immediate managers to motivate them to work harder? 4) ar their workplaces and/or work environment can be considered productive for them to align their productivity with such? 3. 0 Aims and objectives The main aim of the study is to explore the unlike factors that influence and affect the productivity of Ghanaian workers who work in fast food chains. There could be positive and negati ve factors influencing such.In lieu with this, the following specific objectives will be addressed To determine the nature and dynamics of employee productivity in Ghana and in fast food industry To distinguish the different perceptions of Ghanaian workers on various influences to own productivity 4. 0 Overview of methodologies Primary and secondary research will be conducted in the study. In primary research, the study will survey Ghanaian workers who work in fast food chains that are generally private.A structured questionnaire will be developed and it will be used as the survey tool for the study. It is planned that the questionnaire will have a 5 point Likert Scale, as well as be questions. Data on both medium will be compared and evaluated using SPSS. Aside from survey, a secondary research will also be conducted in the study. Sources in secondary research will include previous research reports, newspaper, magazine and journal content, organization statistics, etc.Sometimes , secondary research is required in the approach stages of research to determine what is known already and what new data are required, or to inform research design. In this paper, existing findings on journals and existing knowledge on books will be used as secondary research. The findings from the journals and books will be evaluated in the data analysis. Types of research journals chosen are all related to to issues in advertisements. Basically, interpretation will be conducted which can account as qualitative in nature.Read more http//ivythesis.typepad.com/term_paper_topics/2010/10/factors-affecting-employee-productivity-case-study-of-private-ghanaian-workers-working-in-fast-food-chains.htmlixzz1H9R8haOi

A Raisin in the Sun Compare/Contrast Play/Film Essay

Lorraine Hansberrys turn A Raisin in the Sun, was a radically spic-and-span representation of black life, resolutely authentic, ferociously unsentimental, and unflinching in its vision of what happens to people whose dreams are constantly deferred. I compared Act One, purview 2, in the play and the film. The setting in the play is on a Saturday morning, and house cleaning is in process at the youngs. In the film, the setting is the same as play, with ignition system and costumes. The plot in the play is when Mrs. Younger gets the insurance check of $10,000.In the film, the plot is the same, but includes music not mentioned in the play. The confabulation in the film has whatsoever deletions from the pilot program text, with new dialogue added throughout the scene. Some film techniques used are the film cuts back and forth to different characters, the room is well lit with the sunshine coming in through the window, and music is added throughout virtually parts of this scene. perchance the biggest difference between the play and the film in this scene involves dialogue. Much of the dialogue is deleted, however, new dialogue is added through some parts of this scene.Also, in the play, the mailman comes up to their apartment and rings the door bell unlike the film, Travis runs up to him outside the twist and gets the mail from him right away and runs back to give it to Mrs. Younger (his grandma). I likewise compared Act Two, Scene 1, in the play and the film. The setting in the play is later, that same day at the Youngers. In the film, the setting is the same as play, with lighting and costumes. The plot in the play is when Mama, Mrs. Younger, buys Travis a new house for when he gets older to be a man.In the film, the plot is the same as play with music added to parts of this scene. The dialogue in the film has some lines rephrased and excessively has some deletions from the original text new dialogue is added throughout parts of this scene. Some film techniques used in this scene are the room is brilliantly lit with lamps and other light fixtures, the film cuts back and forth to different characters and the camera seems to move alone with the characters as they did, and music is added throughout parts of this scene.Perhaps the biggest difference between the play and the film in this scene involves dialogue. Much of the dialogue is rephrased and not said as the root has written it in the play. And also, some of the dialogue from the original text is deleted, however, new dialogue is added. And also, unlike the film, a lot of the actions the author has described in the play did not happen in the film. Such as, on page 91 as Ruth says Praise God the author describes that she raises both arms classically, and as she tells Walter Lee to be glad, the author describes she has laid her hands on his shoulders, but he shakes himself free of her roughly, without turning to face her, these actions did not happen in the film. I also had com pared Act Two, Scene 3, in the play and the film. The setting in the play is on a Saturday, moving day, one week later. In the film, the setting is the same as the play, with lighting and costumes. The plot in the play is Linder tries to buy back the house from the Younger family.In the film, the plot is the same as the play. The dialogue in the film has some deletions from play new dialogue is added in replacement of the deleted dialogue. Some film techniques used in this scene are the film cuts back and forth to different characters, and the room is well lit with the sunshine coming in through the window. Perhaps the biggest difference between the play and the film in this scene also involves dialogue. The dialogue in this scene is mostly faithful to the play but has some deletions. On the other hand, new dialogue was added in replacement of the deleted lines from the original text.

Adult Behavior during Sports Events: An Overview

Playing sports is crucial and essential to a childs development. A child develops a sense of social aw beness and self-confidence whenever he engages in a sport. Of course, this would not be possible if a childs p arnts will not encourage them in engage in a particular sport.Parents play a significant role in a childs involvement in whatever sport he chooses. A childs sense of sportsmanship is augmented by his parents as well. Parents are constantly considered to be staring(a) examples to their children. However, the positive military issues of parents on their children are hampered by some instances, which parents themselves exude a plethora of negative sort during sports fifty-fiftyts.With this in mind, we are compelled to mail the port of parents in keen scrutiny. It is alarming that the proliferation of upstart delinquency can be associated on parents behavior as well. This is payable to the situation that children are developing their cognitive skills at this stage of their lives.There is a great possibility that whenever a child develops and imitates the behavior of his parents there is a possibility that the childs behavior could be worse than his parents by the time he enters adulthood. An opposite pointor that calls for attention is that the improper behavior of some parents is seen not still by the child, only when some spectators as well. A child might assume that such behavior is tolerable in public (Ocampo. 2008).Parents are not only the peerlesss to be accounted for misbehavior in sports events. A childs coach, referee, and other mountain who are involved in a game can affect a childs behavior during these sports events. Whenever a child engages in a particular sport, his sense of competitiveness is heightened as well.However, children sometimes confuse competitiveness with aggressiveness. This is due to the fact that the inappropriate behavior of parents during sports events has an cushion on a childs competitiveness. This, of co urse, gives child a negative sense of competitiveness. Parents are always at the van of each game their child engages in. They are always present during games in order to give their children moral support and boost their self-confidence.Yet sometimes some parents bring out crass and extreme behavior, which make it seem that they are the ones playing the sport. For instance, spectators claimed that a parent tripped a player from the opposing team during a game, because that player was about to tackle and spear his son. Whenever this happens, parents are deduced into sports fanatics as well.This is a simple example of what sports events can do to behaviors of parents. Parents act in such way due to the speculation that they want their children to excel in that sport where they get under ones skin failed to do so. Parents may ignore the fact that even though they support their children in such manner, the behavior they exhibit corrobo rank a consequent effect on the cognitive and s ocial development of their children (Ocampo. 2008).Parental Violence in Sports Promoting Juvenile Delinquency?The near fatal Junta-Costin spring chicken hockey scrimmage in July of 2000 is considered the anchorman of sports military force in offspring sports events (Heinzmann.2002). It ignited the issue of sports rage, which saw a myriad of newspapers all over the world documenting the story and proliferating numerous editorials that placed agnatic involvement in a childs sports career under keen scrutiny.At first, it seemed that it was a mere isolated case. Eventually, experts have started debates regarding sports rage in sports events. It has been declared that there is an threatening yet subliminal crisis in jejuneness sports. Subliminal because most people take overt perceive such as a crucial matter in childrens behavior.Subliminal because people might not see its correlation to the increasing rate of juvenile delinquency.In a jejuneness hockey game in Illinois, a fa ther pummeled other players dad during a heated argument at their sons youth hockey game. Whats worse is, that fathers son pleaded guilty for a misdemeanor charge for beating up an opposing player, which resulted in a paralyzing injury. Obviously, the repercussion of crass and violent behavior of parents are reaping its sour fruits.Children are deliberately affected by the obscene behavior of their parents. Yet parents seem not to be alarmed by such matter. spring chicken sports officials claimed that the mere yelling of parents at referees and coaches are enough to increase a childs improper sense of aggressiveness. Obviously, parents are sacrificing the virtue of sportsmanship for a twisted sense of competitiveness that they instill in their children (Ocampo.2008).Even though there are no operable statistics on parental vehemence and assault, adamant coaches and overaggressive parents are the ones promoting and instilling a twisted sense of aggressiveness and competitiveness a mong their children (Ocampo.2008). Fred Engh, president of the National adherence for Youth Sports exclaimed thatThere has been a tremendous upsurge in violence in the last five years, Ive been hearing of more and more violent incidents. Were ascendant to see the trickle-down effect from adults misbehavior where children that are involved are becoming part of the bad behavior. Far too often, we tell kids its ok to fishing rig in order to win, to taunt the players on the other team, to criticize officials. (Engh. 2000).The Illinois misdemeanor battery case has generated a maximum penalty of one year imprisonment. claim prosecutors have dropped two counts of felony aggravated battery (James.2000). The boy has yet to be convicted in juvenile facility until he is 21 (James.2000).The juvenile ac recognizeledged that he used the hockey stick to drag opposition player Neal Goss, causing Goss to hit the boards seconds after the buzzer sounded during a junior varsity game. The unidentif ied youth declared this in his plea agreement. After slamming into the fiber glass boards, Goss was deliberately paralyzed below his waist and injured his arms as well (James.2000).A pack of head- yetting and elbow-throwing melees have been rampant across the country. The Illinois incident is simply an example of the increasing rate of sports rage. Youth sports officials have claimed that coaches and parents are responsible for the ramifications in youth sports. Unfortunately, children are deliberately affected in this massive sports violence proliferation.Bob Still, public relations manager for the National Association of Sports Officials emphasized that Not only has the language at peace(p) more in the gutter, but weve also seen a rise in the number of incidences report where physical violence has occurred. (Still.2000).In 1975, one of the first cases of sports rage, it was reported by Sports Illustrated in the article Taking the Fun Out of the Game that a fight ignited between a mob of adult spectators and a separate of coaches that coached championship team of sixth graders during a game in Kissimmee, Florida.The sports rage incident resulted with one coach being rushed to the hospital. Someone was yelling that one coach was dead already causing the mob to depart the scene just before police authorities arrived. The coach was actually unconscious for a couple of hours before being taken to a nearby hospital. In Miami, a players father pummeled his sons coach for arguing over his sons playing time.These incidents were obscure due to the fact that such incidents werent able to be published or televised. The public was not aware of news like Youth Sports Coaches pummeled by Furious wad. A series of rage events not associated with youth sports events were simply dismissed as a weak form of sociological trend (Heinzmann.2002).In order to place the exploitation cases of youth sports rage in further scrutiny, the Rutgers Youth Sports Research Council launche d a computer search engine, which enables people to learn about youth sports violence incidents by means of the database of more than 5,000 related articles concerning sports rage in youth sports events (Heinzmann.2002)However, several articles suggest faux pas facts, which limited the publics knowledge concerning youth sports violence. The most crucial fact is that keen investigation has not succeeded in generating substantial data that sports rage in youth sports has increased in alarming rates. In order to hug and augment the understanding of the public of youth sports violence without any scientific data at hand, people can be made aware through the myriad of various sociology researches.This would augment our knowledge on how the media could have a discreet influence on general opinion regarding youth sports rage. Youth homicide has experient a decline from 1993 to 1999. The Justice Policy Institute reported that there was a 68% decline in youth homicide in the United States , which was the lowest rate since 1966 (Heinzmann.2002).Campus-related violent death decreased as well by 72%. However, network homicide coverage increased into a surprising 473% even though there was 33% decline in murders from 1990 to 1998. Evening news was reporting more than 25% of crimes were homicide cases (Heinzmann.2002).Justice Policy Institute pundits have declared that 62% regard that youth-related crimes are increasing upon conducting a survey. Americans saw it grew into epic proportions during random give lessons shootings in 2000 (Heinzmann.2002)Eliminating Sports Violence Beyond Feasible Statistics?Each sports event whether on the youth or professional level is experiencing a bevy of harassments on a daily basis. That is why security is assured in such events. Police and checkup assistance are present in these events due to the fact that there is a possibility of heightened violence. Parents and adults are always at the forefront during these sports rage incidents (NASO, 2008).Annually, NASO has been receiving hundreds of reports, in which sports rage occurs among fans, officials, coaches, and players (NASO, 2008). Before NASO proposed a clamor for a bill proposal on youth sports violence, they defined sports rage as any physical invade upon a person during a sports events such as hitting, wounding, and other forms of harmful contact in an offensive manner, verbal abuse, and obscene harassments, which threatens an individuals safety during a sports event.After a pact has made to settle on the standard definition of sports rage, Investigators have began to observe and analyze the probable evidence that in order to attach parents to such youth violence, investigators have to substantiate the faux pas norm that 15% of parents during these youth sporting events go below the belt and resort to deliberate violence.However, it was only 5% in the previous five years, yet conclusive feasible scientific evidence has yet to surface (Heinzmann.2002). However, according to NASO, published studies regarding sports rage incidents have yet to be seen and that instances made by the media are anecdotal in nature and does not have feasible evidence. With this in mind, substantial facts contradict what is reported to the public (Heinzmann.2002).In a recent study by the NASO, it was stated that the prevalence and proliferation of crass behavior and assaults on youth sports officials occurs not only at youth sports games, but in the professional level as well (Heinzmann.2002).The study was aimed at urging state legislatures to provide apt laws that will penalize individuals who exhibit any form of obscene behavior during sports events (Heinzmann.2002). It primary purpose though was to educate and promote public awareness regarding manic behavior during these sports events (Heinzmann.2002).This generated the notion that scientific findings have yet to augment that sports rage is the primary deterrent during youth sports games. Even youth v iolence experts have hold the fact that there is heightened rate of violence during youth sports events. Ironically, adults and parents are always the ones who instigate such obscene behavior.However, impartial statistics have yet to surface in order to prove that youth sports violence has increased and that there is a great possibility that this trend has become more violent as cases begin to increase. Dan Macallair, Vice President of the nub on Juvenile and Criminal Justice, have urged a movement that will make alternative ways aside from imprisonment.Contrary to the media hype that has heightened the awareness of sports rage, Macallairs agency has shown that statistics of school violence in the United States are lower than anticipated. Furthermore, juvenile delinquency rates have experienced a huge letdown in previous years.Macallair even suggested that the increasing youth violence should be associated with modern day technology such as video games, which promote violence as w ell. Macallair exclaimed thatWe really dont know because we dont have the evidence. My guess is that its probably less than we think. My gut is that its being reported more a great deal and more widely just because of modern-day media practices and media technology.Too often, the evidence does not support the perception. You see that all the time that kids today are worse than they were 10 or 20 years ago. And then you go back and see that people were saying that about kids then. People have very short memories. However, we really dont know because we dont have the evidence. My guess is that its probably less than we think. . .My gut is that its being reported more frequently and more widely just because of modern-day media practices and media technology. (Macallair. 2001).Some experts have acknowledged the notion that the media has made a deliberate impact on the increasing rate of youth sports rage. Frank Smoll, author of Sports and Your Child, notes that the family is the prim ary culprit in paradoxical aggressive behavior of child during sports games yet coaches, professional athletes, and the media is also to blame for youth sports violence. Smoll exclaims thatIm surprised there isnt more violence in youth sports given the current underlying phenomena that feeds this violence system, particularly in hockey.During the hockey season, the sportscasts are going to show the fight of the night. Thats sick, direct out, he adds. Is it any wonder kids are going to see that and say, Hey, Im going to be a better fighter, Ive got instruction? (Smoll. 2000)National Alliance for Youth Sports president Fred Engh says that a child imitates what he perceives to be good. Good examples imply to their favorite professional athletes like wrestlers or MMA fighters. He complements Smolls controversy by implying that Theyre seeing that kind of behavior on television.Look at the World Wrestling Federation. Look at the Jerry Springer Show. This is the mentality of a growing number of dysfunctional people that is creeping into youth sports. (Engh.2000).Obviously, the sports entertainment industry must take initiative in taking the obligation for contributing to societal norms, which affect children and adults like. Talk shows have proliferated public display of violence as well. Ironically, such programs have a strong following by creating manic debates, which finally turns into melee when things get out of hand.Studio audience is involved as well by castigating guests. Things get out of hand when altercations emerge during the show. Shows which are televised when children can scout such deliberate show of public violence Take for instance the Jerry Springer Show, which gives people the opportunity to castigate people who did them wrong. It gives people the notion that what cannot be settled in a verbal manner can be settled with deliberate violence.But it is proper to do such in public? This suggests that the media is a purveyor of violence and irrat ional sense of competitiveness as well. Children can adhere to such when they go out to public affairs such as youth sports events. And by the time they are adults, they would do the same and even exhibit more obscene behavior during youth sports events (Ocampo.2008).ConclusionOrganized youth sports have been receiving media hype over the years. The issue of youth sports rage has been a crucial matter for the media to give it unprecedented attention. Incidents involving parents, coaches, and game officials have contributed to such by instigating fights and crass behavior during youth sports events.Although it is purely anecdotal that such matter is getting out of hand and is on the brink of enormous escalation, sports rage incidents are proliferating, and has been one of the primary purveyors of juvenile delinquency and youth violence. Such matter is beyond statistics, and the obvious is larger than the scientific studies conducted regarding youth sports rage incidents.With this in mind, youth sports organizers should be at the forefront of every altercation during a youth sports event. They must implement proper measures of security in order to imply peace and order during games. On the other hand, parents should exhibit proper etiquette during youth sports events.Parents should be the ones who must moderate the various societal factors, which contribute to their childs sense of competitiveness. They must be reminded that during these games, they are not fans but parents who should guide their children. Parents should always bear in mind the youth sports games have a deliberate cognitive and social effect on their childrens mentalities.They should be perfect examples during these events, and must instill positive and favorable values that a sport will complement their childrens well-being (Ocampo.2008).

Health Care Case Study: Financial Statements Essay

AbstractAn empowered organization is one in which individuals have the knowledge, skill, desire, and opportunity to in person succeed in a way that leads to collective organizational success, (Covey. 2011). Financial management within a wellness c be organization is crucial to the success and stability of the organization. In this summary financial information on Patten Fuller Hospital will be revealed. Specifically, the differences surrounded by audited and unaudited educations and reporting on the infirmarys ratios will be included. Information related to the relationship on revenue sources and expenses will include how the hospital revenues and expenses are grouped for planning and control.Audited and Unaudited DifferencesDuring the old age of 2008 and 2009 the Patton-Fuller biotic community Hospitals balance sheet had some differences with the patient accounts of about $1,000,000. The discrepancies between the two amounted to $1,000,000 these discrepancies would be the audit ed statement that equaled to $58,787,000 and the unaudited statement in 2009 that amounted to $59,787,000 (Patton-Fuller Community Hospital, 2011). Then there were discrepancies on the Statement of tax revenue and Expenses of about 1,000,000 during 2009. The discrepancies between the two that amounted to $1,000,000 would be the audited statement that equaled to $14,797,000 and the unaudited statement in 2009 that amounted to $13,797,000 (Patton-Fuller Community Hospital, 2011). The net income for the audited statement is 373,000 and, the unaudited is 627,000.Effects of Revenue Sources on Financial ReportingA companys revenue comes from a variety of sources, including the sales of goods interests on loans, and income from renting or leasing. Accountants first record revenue in informal accounting ledgers to track capital as it comes into the company. Information ledgers are transferred to more formal,official financial statements. The income statements, balance sheets, retained ea rnings statements and statements of cash flows are the four basic types of financial statements stirred by revenue sources.Revenues and Expenses Grouped for planning and ControlThe hospitals revenues and expenditures are plans and cohesively to track revenues and expenditures efficiently. The two main categories of revenue are, nonrevenue producing, and revenue producing. The nonrevenue producing work have two subdivisions, general services, and support services. General services are services, such(prenominal) as maintenance, and dietary. The support services are administrative costs relate to employee services, such as salaries, and employee welfare services. Revenue producing has two groups nursing services and other professional services. Nursing services has five cost centers ranging from the intensive take units to the operating room. Professional services have 15 cost centers, such as emergency room and pharmacy. These cost centers correlate to specific expenditure categor ies.Expenditure grouping is separate into two categories, diagnoses, and procedures. Most revenue in health care organizations is either diagnoses or procedures. Major diagnostic categories (MDCs) group costs with a 27-classification system for diagnosis-related groups (DRGs). Each DRG represents a category of the services for patients. This classification assigns procedures provided to patients with new procedural terminology (CPT) codes. CPT codes represent a listing of descriptive terms and identifying codes for identifying medical services and procedures performed (Baker & Baker, 2011, p. 44).ConclusionDiscrepancies were found in three areas between the audited and unaudited statements. The differences between the statements were vast with patient accounts showing a $1,000,000 difference, the statement of revenue and expenses showing a $1,000,000 difference, and a net income difference of $254,000. Corporate revenue comes from many sources. Revenue is reported on various financ ial forms like income statements, balance sheets, retainedearnings statements, and cash flow statements, which are the four basic types of financial statements affected by revenue. Different categories and services exist to group revenues and expenditures into cost centers that correlate to different DRGs. DRGs break down the procedures into CPT codes identifying the services and procedures for compensation.ReferenceBaker, J.J., & Baker, R.W. (2011). Health care finance Basic tools for nonfinancial managers (3rd ed.).Jones & Bartlett.Covey, S. (2011). Inspirational Quotes for Business Empowerment and Delegation. Retrieved from http//humanresources.about.com/od/workrelationships/a/quotes_empower.htmPatton-Fuller Community Hospital, (2011). Annual Report 2009. Virtual Organization Portal. Retrieved May 27, 2011 from University of genus Phoenix

Collectivism vs. Individualism Essay

The research to examine the cultural norms of Korea as compargond to that of US, is based on two especial(a) core dimensions United States as an individualistic uncouth, and Korea as a collectivistic unpolished. In fact, this is the first thing that comes to mind, knowing that collectivism vs individualism is a major(ip) characteristic that differentiates these two countries. Lifestyle and living arrangementsIn a study by Lee and Ro Um (1992), it is discussed about the major difference between Koreans and Americans in their evaluations of ware attributes was the different weights each put on the importance of the family. Koreans tended to be more family oriented in their product evaluations than the Americans. This meant that the products were selected. Korea has a family-oriented conclusion. For a young couple, living with elders (parents) has been a cultural norm in Korea, although in United States this living style is unusual normatively and behaviorally. According to Korean National Statistics office, 1993, al some three out of quaternion Koreans people aged 60 and over live with their children, a percentage of 74.7%. The percentage that lives with a spouse only is 13.2% and living alone, 10.6%.Explore the gaming culture of KoreaWhy entropy Korean people tactical manoeuvre playsIn South Korea more than half of the 50 million populations work online games frequently. Gaming in this country is not just a hobby but a way of life. Currently in the country are 10 professional gaming leagues which are sponsored from the successful corporations such as SK Telecom and Samsung. According to a news article published CNN , in South Korea almost half of all games train been change since the game launched in 1998. StarCraft is a legitimate business, ranking in hundreds of thousands of dollars in earning. According to a news article published in BBC 4, in South Korea games are nationally televised and they fill-up stadiums.Extremely popular is the multi-playe r gaming. Being a professional video-gamer is a serious business. They attract huge sums in sponsorship and can crystallise more than $100,000 a year. Professional players in South Korea are treated likesports stars. Some of the most famous players from league matches and sponsorship could earn more than $400,000 per year. South Korea hosts the annual World Cyber Games. The country registered more than 15 million people for online gaming, which is 30% of the population.Gaming Addiction and the Government Intervention in South Korea As a consequence as a strong video game culture, South Korea since early 2000s reports of addicted gamers dying or murdering loved ones in high society to satisfy their addiction. When a mother tried to stop her son from playing games, he killed her. Approximately 14% of Koreans between ages 9 and 12 suffer from profit addiction because there are cable channels devoted solely to the games.5 South Korea has been treating the disorder for years. In 2002 t he government opened an Internet-addiction treatment center. In 2005, a 28 years old South Korean man went into cardiac arrest and died after reportedly playing an online game called StarCraft for 50 hours straight.The man did not sleep properly and did not eat well. He just made few bathroom breaks and for very short periods of sleep. In 2006 the government opened a hotline for gaming addicts. Moreover, hundreds of private hospitals and clinics in the country opened specializes units to treat the disorder. In 2010 the government ordered a nighttime shutdown for gamers. This happened after police ascertained a 3-month old baby who starved to death while her parents were busy with their virtual baby on a game. The Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism ordered the three most popular operators of the games to block people under age 18 from playing games between midnight and 8 a.m. The government has significantly slowed down the Internet connections of young players if they play for lots of hours into the night. More over in the National Assembly several other bills were pending that would control kids gaming habits.Where South Korean people play gamesSouth Korean entertainment perseverance is note based on home entertainment system such us console video game system, home theater etc. Instead it is created outside of the home in various places called Bangs. Recently South Korean people play games in the countrys Internet cafes, known as PC- Bangs. The PC Bangs are especially dominant in big cities like Seol, whereis a density of population. It is heavy that the PC-Bang industry now can provide computers and Internet service to those that previously did not have the economic conditions to possess these technologies. Analysts consider that the social environment of the PC-Bang is the most important factor to make the PC Bang attractive and popular to users. Other factors are the high-performance computers, high-speed internet connection and low fee usage. 6 ar ound bangs are cheap the patrons pay an hourly fee, ranging from $1.00 to $1.50 USD an hour. In South Korea going to a bang is the same as going to the bar in USA. scotch ConditionsAccording to an article in About.com , the industry of video game has a large share of South Koreas GDP. According to the Ministry of Culture, in 2008 the online-gaming industry bring in $1.1 billion dollars in exports. Nexon and NCSOFT, South Koreas two largest game development companies reported a combined net income of over $370 million in 2012. The intact game market is estimated at approximately $5 billion dollars annually, or about $100 per resident, which is more than three times what Americans spend. Games like StarCraft have sold over 4.5 million copies in South Korea, out of a worldwide total of 11 million. The same article says that video games stimulate the black economic system of the country. What they playRelatively a small number of games are played in South Korea, the most popular of t hem are League of Legends, FIFA Online 3, Sudden Attack, Lineage, keep & Fighter, Blade & Soul, Aion The Tower of Eternity, Echo Soul, Cyphers, World of Warcraft, StarCraft, Warcraft 3. 9 StarCraft- The most popular game in South Korea of all the times is StarCraft. Star Craft is a multitude strategy game, which is developed by blizzard Entertainment. 10 World of Warcraft (WOW) Another popular game at most of the time is the World of Warcraft, developed by Blizzard Entertainment. World of Warcraft is a massively multi-player online role-playing game or MMORPG.

Baldwin & England Your England

England Your England magical spell poking fun at the side way of manners, also prides the quirky nature of England. In a way, Orwell tries to reach out to the English people by telling them what makes them unique and why they ought to stand up against an enemy trying to threaten its sovereignty. He elucidates English patriotism by stating the tendency of nearly wholly its inhabitants to feel alike and act together in moments of supreme crisis (Orwell III). He mentions the points of view of the different classes in England, thereby providing a neutral perspective.He neither commends blind loyalty to the Royal family nor does he agree with the farther too pacifist views of the intellectual elite. He also mentions that business class was actu completelyy too brutish to understand that fascism does not necessarily equate to anti-communism. Although Orwell did not entirely support Englands War with Germany, he felt that it was essential to curb the spread of Fascism at any cost. He even feels that the anti-war sentiment of the English majority is viewed as hypocrisy by rest of the world, since the English Empire was built by waging wars.He also states that this war, unless we are defeated, will wipe out most of the existing class privileges, thereby appealing to the commons man about the importance of England winning the War against Germany (Orwell VI). James Baldwin shows appreciation for the ground of Islam (NOI) movement for having joined a lot of African-Americans. However, he does not entirely agree with the NOI, instead of spreading the ideal of rush equality, tried to instill feelings of black superiority and hatred of the White race.He states that the Nation of Islam propagated historical and divine evidence that all(prenominal) smock people are cursed, and are devils, and are about to be brought down (Baldwin 315). Moreover, the Nation of Islam demanded absolute control over the society, rather than sharing equal rights. Baldwin felt that love f or one other was much more significant than racial identity and could never concur with the ideals of the NOI. He stood for mutual co-existence of all races, rather than the separation of society into whites and blacks and therefore did not join the NOI movement.Baldwin condemns the White society for debasing all the other communities including African-Americans. He states that White America is afraid of being judged by those who are not white and therefore fails to love others. He also believes that White America is scared of African-Americans bringing new life to the Western achievements and transform them. He felt that American society had to treat everyone equally and renounce the impulse for White superiority, if they wish to avoid facing the same plight.He feels that Whites have gotten used to being superior and racial equality will never occur until White America overcomes the fear of sharing power. In flake One, Hamlet witnesses the ghost of his father telling him that t he newly crowned King Claudius actually murdered him to inhibit the throne. The ghost asks Hamlet to avenge his death and forgive his mother for remarrying Claudius. Horatio, a friend of Hamlet, says tis but our dream when he sees the ghost. This suggests that the ghost is actually nothing but an inner feeling that manifests as a moral image.Hence, it would not have been justified if Hamlet putting to deathed Claudius immediately after seeing the ghost of his father. It would have meant that the rage of losing his father had blinded Hamlets moral judgment. However, Hamlet bound by his principles does not kill Claudius until Polonius son Laertes finally confesses that the Claudius murdered his father. Works Cited Baldwin, James. Down at the Cross. 1955. James Baldwin Collected Essays. New York library of America, 1998. 296-347. Orwell, George. 1941. England Your England. I-VI.

Rico Act Essay

The anti-racketeering law human action has been an important component in addressing organized and white collar abomination. Write a five rogue (double-spaced) essay that summarizes the RICO execution and its impact on organized and white collar crime. Be positive(predicate) to support your thoughts with information from our readings. anti-racketeering law mould Essay The term Rico Act stands for the Racketeer Influenced and baby Organizations (RICO) Act, Codified as chapter 96, Title 18, of the United States Code which was passed by Congress in 1970. The purpose of the Act was to eliminate the ill-affects of organized crime on the nations economy.The Rico Act provides for extended barbarous penalties and a civil ca employ of action for acts performed as part of an ongoing criminal face. The RICO Act focuses specifically on carry on, and it allows for the leaders of a syndicate to be tried for the crimes which they ordered others to do or assisted them in doing. It closed a perceived loophole that allowed almostone who told a man to commit a crime such as murder, to be exempt from the trial because they did not actually do it or were physically involved.Racketeering is specify as the process of forming or running an organization to operate or commit or otherwise execute ongoing criminal activities. For example the drug mafia provision and executing drug traffic in an organized manner. Such crimes are generally illegitimate fear when a person commits crimes such as extortion, loan-sharking, bribery, and obstruction of justice in furtherance of wrong condescension activities.The definition of a carry oning activity means both act or threat involving murder, kidnapping, gambling, arson, robbery, bribery, extortion, relations in obscene matter, or dealing in a controlled substance or listed chemical (as defined in persona 102 of the Controlled Substances Act), which is summonable downstairs State uprightness and punishable by imprisonment f or to a greater extent than one year. There are a number of illegal and prohibited activities listed in the act and are as follows Prohibited activities listed in Section 1962 of the Rico Act. a) It shall be unlawful for any person who has received any income derived, flat or in at a time, from a exercise of racketeer activity or through prayer of an unlawful debt in which such person has participated as a principal within the meaning of section 2, title 18, United States Code, to use or invest, directly or indirectly, any part of such income, or the proceeds of such income, in acquisition of any interest in, or the establishment or appendage of, any enterprise which is engaged in, or the activities of which affect, interstate or foreign commerce.A purchase of securities on the open market for purposes of investment, and without the intention of controlling or participating in the control of the issuer, or of assisting other to do so, shall not be unlawful under this subsecti on if the securities of the issuer held by the purchaser, the fractions of his immediate family, and his or their accomplices in any embodiment or racketeering activity or the collection of an unlawful debt after such purchase do not amount in the aggregate to one percent of the outstanding securities of any one class, and do not confer, either in law or in fact, the ply to pick out one or more directors of the issuer. (b) It shall be unlawful for any person through a pattern of racketeering activity or through collection of any unlawful debt to acquire or maintain, directly or indirectly, any interest in or control of any enterprise which is engaged in, or the activities of which affect, interstate or foreign commerce. c) It shall be unlawful for any person employed by or associated with any enterprise engaged in, or the activities of which affect, interstate or foreign commerce, to conduct or participate, directly or indirectly, in the conduct of such enterprises affairs throu gh a pattern of racketeering activity or collection of unlawful debt. (d) It shall be unlawful for any person to call forth to violate any of the provisions of subsection (a), (b), or (c) of this section. Under RICO, a person who is a member of an illegal enterprise or organization that has committed any two of 35 crimes including 27 national crimes and 8 state crimes, within a 10-year period, can be charged with racketeering. Those found guilty of racketeering can be fined up to $25,000 and sentenced to 20 years in prison per racketeering count. In addition, the racketeer must forfeit all ill-gotten gains and interest in any business gained through a pattern of racketeering activity. RICO also permits a private individual harmed by the actions of such an enterprise to file a civil lawsuit and collect monetary damages. Despite its harsh provisions, a RICO- associate charge is considered easy to prove in court, as it focuses on patterns of behavior as opposed to criminal acts. Alt hough some of the RICO predicate acts are extortion and blackmail, one of the most successful applications of the RICO laws has been the ability to indict or sanction individuals for their behavior and actions committed against witnesses and victims in alleged retaliation or retribution for cooperating with federal law enforcement or intelligence agencies.Unfortunately, due to the complexity of bringing organized crime members to justice, ten years passed ahead the first RICO convictions were obtained. Throughout the 1970s crime families continually fought for power over the some(prenominal) racketeering enterprises that brought in huge sums of money. The National Conference on Organized Crime in 1975 estimated that mob related racketeering reached about $50 billion a year in the United States. An example of a popular case where the Rico Act was used to bring down a criminal organization was the numerous arrests of members of the Gambino Crime Family. The Carlo Gambino family was one of New Yorks most powerful in the American Mafia.It was successfully emasculated by convictions obtained under the RICO Act of 1970. Under Gambinos leadership, family rackets spread into new areas. Starting in the late 50s, they engaged in large-scale drug trafficking. The Gambino and Lucchese families put a stranglehold on illegal activities at JFK International Airport, effectively boxing out all competition. Gambino bought into all kinds of legitimate businesses such as pizza parlors, meat markets, restaurants, construction companies, trucking firms, dress factories, and nightclubs, and used them as fronts to facilitate illegal operations. Battles for power and control between crime families resulted in numerous murders.Members of one family would assassinate anothers boss. The family of the assassinated boss desire r yetge by murdering a member of the offending family. Murders were also committed to prevent a crime member from testifying in a trial. The first convictions o f American Mafia members under RICO began in 1980. legion(predicate) gangsters were convicted for a variety of racketeering offenses. In 1985 the bosses of all five New York City Mafia families were convicted under RICO and each received at least one hundred years in prison. In 1992 Salvatore Sammy the Bull Gravano testified in court against his boss, John Gotti, head of the Gambino crime family at that time.In doing so he broke the sacred code of the Mafia, the code of silence barring alwaysy Mafia member from ever testifying against another Mafia member. Gotti was sentenced to life in prison. His brother Peter Gotti took over the family but was sentenced in April 2004 to niner years in prison. From our reading, we also learned that Rico can provide other benefits to local, county, state and federal law enforcement. As stated by Osterburg and Ward, page 632, Through asset forfeiture provisions the organization can confiscate money, houses, cars, boats, planes, electronics and we apons. This has not only impacted on the specific criminals targeted, but in many jurisdictions has been used as a means for law enforcement to expand their own efforts. In my own department, we use the proceeds from asset forfeitures to purchase vehicle equipment and bullet proof vests. Summary For decades, law enforcement strategies have rivet on identifying and prosecuting the leaders of criminal enterprises. Members may be charged or arrested for relatively minor infractions. Charges for even small infractions can provide prosecutors with the leverage to conduct further investigations of the group. The goal is to get smaller tip to flip and testify against the heads of the organization. The ultimate aim is to disrupt the group as a whole. Since the inception of the Rico Act, thousands of arrests and convictions have been handed down against members of organized crime.All five New York crime families have been change by Rico convictions and numerous other crime families have f elt the sting. There has been mixed reviews on the total effectiveness of the Rico Act, but most will agree that there seems to be no end to organized crime and those willing to engage in criminal activity and enterprise. References www. ricoact. com/ricoact/nutshell. asp RICO What Happened Next . . . Crime, Family, Mafia, Families, Organized, and American http//law. jrank. org/pages/12394/RICO-What-happened-next. htmlixzz1XrNLl9Gg http//www. trutv. com/library/crime/gangster_outlaws/family_epics/gambino/3. html www. justice. gc. ca/eng/pi/rs/rep-rap/2005/rr05_5/p5. html. Osterburg and Ward. , Criminal Investigations, A Method for Reconstructing the

African American Essay

On October 23rd, 2006, a then 24 year old Dorothy Webb stood knocked out(p)side her Mississippi home. Fearing eviction from her home for non-payment of rent, Dorothy decided to do something drastic to save the only home she had grown to love. She walked to the bottom which was al virtually 9 miles away, in an flack to make a deal with a local medicate dealer to sell disperse cocain and earn a profit. I was truly scared be rationality although Ive been in the midst of the do medicates bouncy as an outsider, I knew the consequences of selling drugs down south.They put my momma away for 8 days because my associate was selling drugs out of her house and she wasnt even involved. I knew that if they could do that to her to and she didnt even do anything, I was in real danger of getting even more m if I got caught. al i it was between eating and living or being on the streets, so I made a choice that I could live with. I wanted to live in my house with food in my mouth. Accord ing to Dorothy, she waited for days before she sold the drugs that she obtained from the bottom. I danced and danced around the idea in my operate many days before I made my first sale, plainly I in the end did it and it didnt feel bad to me. By the end of it all, I had made ten sales, I had food in my mouth, and my rent was paid up so I could stay in my house, Dorothy admits. Dorothy states that she only made those 10 sales, which was enough for her to pay rent and buy food until she was able to get back on her feet. bonny about a year after I sold the drugs, I was doin real commodity real good. I had kept my house and I had a job and a car all in that virtuoso year.I just kept workin and workin till whiz day, the police came to my house and arrested me for selling drugs to an underc all over officer, and I was devastated. I mean, I know it was wrong to do so and against the law. I knew that I would get in trouble, but I never could energise imagined that it would be as lon g as I was told. I mean cmon Murderers do less time than drug dealers do so where does that leave me, this one person tryin to live? During my sentencing, I cried until no more tears could flow.I was facing 20 years for the 10 sales that I made in the last year. After my sentencing, I ran to Illinois to be with my family until I was caught last week on a technicality (D, Webb, personal communication, February, 2008). Dorothy Webb remains in a St. Clair county Illinois lag awaiting transport to Mississippi where she go away start serving out her sentence. Dorothys story is not inappropriate many some other(a) African American men and women whom face years of their lives behind bars for drug trafficking and other related drug charges.Irreversible effects from drug related racial profiling and diversity should be stopped in relation to the African American community by way of renewal for offenders and judicial officials. REVIEW OF LITERATURE Cocaine is a white powder substance or iginating from the coca industrial plant dating as far back as the 11th century. It was used in the early 1800s to fineness an assortment of common ailments ranging from hiccups to pneumonia. Presently, cocaine has been deemed very addictive and has been illegal in the United States for over cytosine years. Cocaine can be snorted through the nose or used to intravenously.Crack cocaine is a free based substance that is used for smoking. It is produced by combining baking soda and cocaine and is cooked to stick a hard, rock-like material. Because the chequer cocaine has been altered, using more baking soda than cocaine, it results in being a cheaper drug that requires less to cause a high feeling (Lu, Taylor, & Riley, 2001, p. 399). From a socio-economic standpoint, the black community, consisting of mostly the misfortunate or working discriminate can afford wisecrack, while whites whom generally consist of middle class families, thus financially stable, chose cocaine as a dru g of choice.It is relatively clear that many exploiters of crack cocaine consist of mostly individuals from the African American community. Many admit to using and selling the drug, however, indicate shows that white Americans produce an even higher population of illicit drug abusers and those whom traffic drugs as well. Although drug abuse among blacks is easily visual in crack houses and even effortless drug sales on street corners, whites are not as flamboyant when it comes to drug use, conversely, middle America is now press with an overwhelming methamphetamine dilemma.Nevertheless, many professionals concerned with the sociological aspects of drug solicitation in African American communities across the nation scrutinize the domino effect resulting from wide-spread drug quandary such as tiddler abandonment, school dropout rates, and deteriorating homes. In fact, Kennedy states that Law enforcement naturally and logically focuses on those communities where illegal drug use has created the most harmful and most visible effects More generally, illegal drug use is seen as devastate African-American communities in a way that is not seen outside the inner urban center.People losing jobs, kids dropping out of school, parents neglecting or abandoning their childrenall of these social costs are more readily seen in the inner city than in the more affluent white communities where illegal drug use seems to be relatively benign. even out more to the point, illegal drug use in the inner city is seen as crimogenicthe inner -city user of illegal drugs is thought to be more likely to steal or commit some other crime to finance his drug use ( 2003, p. 154).The theoretical reasoning behind the abuse of crack cocaine in the black community has been speculated as the end result of a people in fearsome need, monetarily and emotionally, nonetheless, these outcomes resulting from drug infested communities do not constitute the racial disparity that is surely occurring th roughout the nation, however, the issues do cause a need for probable concern . The illicit use and distribution of crack cocaine is steady ricocheting through the African American community.In fact, according to Angeli, The increase in the rates of incarceration of issue black males is payable primarily to the focus of the war on drugs on black drug users. For drug offenses, the African American proportion of arrests change magnitude from 24% in 1980 to 39% in 1993, even though African Americans comprise only 13% of calendar monthly drug users. From 1986 to 1990, the come in of minority jail inmates increased more than twice as fast as the number of white inmates, and the increase in the number of arrests of minorities for drug offenses was almost ten times the increase in arrests of white drug offenders (1997, p.1213). It is undisputable that this leap out in the number of incarceration of blacks was initiated due to the passing of the Sentencing Reform passage of 1984. Und er the Sentencing Reform Act of 1984, congress enabled sentencing commissions to guide the legislature of punishments for crack and cocaine possession offences. Subsequently, the commission ruled that At either quantity level federal defendants convicted of a crack cocaine offense receive the same sentences as powder cocaine defendants convicted of an offense involving carbon times as such(prenominal) cocaine (Angeli, 1997, p.1212). It seems that these laws were put into show to purposely capture blacks in the strategy given that the Judicial system is aware that all crack possessions are in the hands of blacks by a very larger margin than any other race. This can be corroborated with current percentages contrasted to earlier figures from the1920s before these laws were enacted. Compared to the early 1900s, when African Americans only made up less than 20% of the prison population for illicit possession of alcohol and drugs, while foreign-born whites accounted for over 40%.In 1 992, 92. 6% of drug offenders were African American and 4. 7% were white and possessed virginal cocaine (Elden, 2005). At present, over 1/3 of the total black male population is wedged in the judicial system involving imprisonment, pa function, or probation, thus proving that race seems to be the issue in the current war on drugs. In previous combats in the war on drugs, other races were agreely targeted just as contemporary matters of racial disparity.In the early 1920s, foreign born immigrants, whom made up much of the American population then were the predominately incarcerated culprits for drug trafficking and or distribution. Contemporary legislature has made the proper amendments to finally put an end to the racial disparity regarding blacks and crack cocaine sentences. In the later part of 2007, in the case of United States v. Kimbrough, Defendant Derrick Kimbrough was initially convicted and sentenced to 168 to 210 consequent months for leash counts of conspiracy to dis tribute 50 grams of crack cocaine.This decision was lessened by district courts to a total sentence of 120 months for all three charges and 60 consecutive months for possession of a firearm in connection to his arrest for the drug charges. This one case is a landmark case that will begin with the release of those whom have served a meaning(a) totality of time towards less severe charges related to crack cocaine and will lessen the get of time given to those whom are tried and convicted of illicit drug crimes involving crack cocaine. SUGGESTIONSAlthough the damage has been done, thus incessantly disparaging the trust of black people in todays justice system, things can lull be done in an attempt to reverse illegitimate imprisonment of blacks for miniscule drug offenses. The war on drugs should simultaneously preserve our countrys promise to liberty and justice to to each one individual, equally careless(predicate) of race, stature, or background. If in fact the war on drugs is to combat all forms of illicit drug use and or trafficking, subsequently, all drugs should be charged consistently relative to quantity.Not only is the 100 to 1 ratio law partial but it is as well as racially charged. It is apparent that the judicial system is aware of this racial activity that is continually produced by the members of government and courts, and have thus began to amend laws. However, regardless of these current revisions, more lenient laws should to a fault be inserted concerning all first time offenders. For quantities less than 20 grams, no time should be served at all and incidents should be regarded as a misdemeanors, requiring community dish and or fines. Amounts less than 10 pounds should result in months and not years in jail time as well.Additionally, rehabilitation programs for drug offenders as well as court officials should be created. Just as drug rehabilitation programs for drug abusers aid in job side programs and drug dependency, drug distributo rs should also have to attend similar programs that are geared towards the rehabilitation of drug dependency as a way of career. If these offenders could understand the fundamentals behind their professions, it would be probable that they would return to their communities, not as an vandals, but as a productive member of society and their community.It may also be a good idea to implement drug addicts into their program as well, in order to reveal insight into the lives of those whom they have destroyed. If these programs could be implemented and utilized, it is very probable that there would be a significantly less amount of repeat offenders as well. Lastly, many officials believe that many members of law enforcement have very little role in the prosecution of crack cocaine holders. However, law enforcement officials are responsible for obtaining criminals. Racial disparity begins in this area first.As stated earlier, officers logically pursue areas where drugs have the most detrime ntal effects, however If equal focus would be put upon all races to prohibit the distribution of drugs, at long last, all areas of drug distribution would eventually subdue, principally the methamphetamine business. CONCLUSIONS Although the end results of drug use or distribution are riveted throughout the African American community, either through school dropout rates, child abandonment or neglect, and job loss, the effects of unfair drug sentences are equivalently devastating.More than 1/3 of the black male population have been view to some form of the judicial prejudice through incarceration, parole, or probation, and the number is steadily increasing each year. It is more than probable that race is the intended target for these drug wars that are presently occurring, whilst this has happened previously in an earlier time. During the early 1920s, foreign-born immigrants were the targets during the first war against drugs in the United States, while African American men made up less than 20% of the total incarcerated population.At this time, the judicial system has commenced credit of these racially charged attacks on the African American community, thus lessening the sentencing of crack cocaine offenders. This was proven in a recent landmark case, The United States v. Kimbrough. In this case, Derrick Kimbroughs lengthy 168 to 210 consecutive month sentence was cut down to a little more than half at 120 consecutive months. Although the court system has made this advancement in this area, further innovations must also be met as well.Progression within drug distribution rehabilitation programs should also be implemented. For instance, former drug distributors should be enrolled in some of the same programs that drug abusers undergo. These offenders should be allowed to hear the testimonies of the many lives that they have destroyed due to drug distribution and dependency as a profession. Additionally, programs should be executed, allowing each offender job placement and job training so that their likelihood of returning to that lifestyle will be greatly reduced.Members of the courts should also be counseled as well to allow insight into the lives of the people that they convict, therefore, sentencing will be fair and applicable to each case, instead of an overall depiction of that type of society. Members of law enforcement should also take rehabilitation classes that will allow them to equally focus on all areas of society that is ridden with drugs instead of primary focus on the black community. If these measures were considered and utilized, United States would be on its way to a less racially prejudiced society.